兰花和它们的传粉者

 兰花和它们的传粉者

Charles Cook
安古洛亚的蜜蜂,照片由Andreas Kay提供

世界各地现有的兰花种类繁多,超过2.5万种,这主要是由于一个因素:它们的生存。

这些奇怪的形状、大小、颜色和色调以及所有额外的附件、毛发、疣子、光泽、活动部件和最多样化的香水,只不过是植物随着时间的推移,为引诱它们的传粉者和吸引它们到它们的花朵而开发的计谋。 因此,这些奇妙的植物进化的结果是一个巨大和当它们被授粉时,它们的目的就达到了。 然后,兰花就会发育出种子囊(果实),从而确保新的小植物能够发芽,保证其物种的未来。

吸引传粉者的策略

与其他植物不同,兰花不靠风或水授粉,而且像大多数物种一样,它们缺乏花蜜。 兰花不得不开发其他资源来吸引(而且常常欺骗)它们的授粉者。 它们通过各种方式来管理这种情况:

颜色和香气

O 蕙兰(Cymbidium serratum) 已经形成了一种颜色和气味,对喜欢吃花唇的田鼠非常有吸引力。 大花蕙兰 但在它们吞食这种美味的时候,花朵将花粉块沉积在老鼠的皮毛中,当它们转到另一朵花上吃它的嘴唇时,将花粉块传到另一朵花上,如果它们将花粉块 "放在 "正确的地方,即花柱的底部,花朵就成功授粉。

橄榄枝
模仿昆虫

在欧洲,还有葡萄牙,小型陆生兰花属的 橄榄枝 从上面看,花的形状很像一只雌性蜜蜂,并散发出一种对雄性非常有吸引力的气味。

这些伪装对试图与 "蜂花 "交配的雄性来说是难以抗拒的。 当假性行为发生时,花将花粉落在昆虫身上,昆虫最终离开该花,被另一朵兰花深深吸引,试图与之交配,由于再次被骗,最终为该花授粉。

但有时,花会模仿长相凶恶的雄蜂,如一种 瘤菌 在那里,真正的雄蜂与这些花进行了激烈的争斗。 在它们争斗的同时,它们不知不觉地成为粘在它们身上的花粉的携带者,直到它们再次无意地沉积在另一朵花上。

蜂鸟

昆虫似乎没有注意到粘在它们身上的花粉块,但当授粉者是鸟类时,例如蜂鸟,它们用喙吸食花中的花蜜。 当它们将喙伸入花中时,花粉块就会释放出来,通常是黄色的,但在那些由鸟类授粉的特殊情况下,由于鸟类很容易看到花粉块并将其取出兰花用一只脚踩在鸟嘴上,将花粉的颜色改为深褐色甚至黑色,以便与鸟嘴的颜色相融合,从而不被注意。

关于兰花如何进化以吸引授粉者,有许多奇特而聪明的例子。 其中一些伪装是基于改变颜色或发展一种可怕的吸引其授粉者的香气。 每种兰花通常只有一种授粉者,无论是昆虫、鸟类或其他类型的动物。

大叶女贞
芳香

兰花属 大叶女贞 它们在种植者中名声不佳,气味难闻。 但它们有棕色到红色的形状和颜色,都是为了吸引它们的授粉者--苍蝇--颜色让人联想到腐烂的肉体,而气味则有助于掩饰。 对种植它们的人来说并不愉快,但由于它们是不同的、奇怪的花,收藏者会寻找它们并种植它们。

兰花也可以成为昆虫的香水供应商。 蜜蜂的情况就是如此 Ерганнова 一些兰花已经开发出芳香油,受到这种属的雌蜂的高度重视,它们要求只与最有香味的雄蜂交配。 因此,花一开放,雄蜂就去在兰花的花朵上闻到自己的香味,以落得爱人的好感。 它们把自己的拍子刮在花朵上,把收集到的芳香油撒到全身。当它们闻到自己的气味时,花朵会释放出粘附在蜜蜂身上的花粉,而蜜蜂在花与花之间尽可能地闻到自己的气味,最终为这些兰花授粉。

See_also: 大葱文化 塞拉皮亚的蜜蜂,头上有花粉,照片由Américo Pereira提供。
陷阱

在这种情况下和其他情况下,花和授粉者之间就像是一种 "恩惠 "的交换;但也有一些花完全欺骗了它们的授粉者。 例如,骄傲的兰花,其嘴唇的原始形状只不过是授粉者的一个陷阱。

昆虫被气味或其内部的黑点吸引到嘴唇内部。 一旦它们进入鞋形的嘴唇,就很难出来了。 嘴唇内部的墙壁非常滑,而且其皮瓣向内翻。 唯一的出路是通过一条奇迹般地不滑的 "小路",有时甚至有毛发可以这些昆虫似乎是为了帮助昆虫而存在的,出口就在柱子旁边,那里有两对授粉器,在出口的两边各一个。 昆虫被引导到那里,在通过紧密的孔离开时,被 "呈现 "出花的授粉器。 在另一朵同类花的吸引下,它们又落入唇部,"找到 "出口,将它们携带的授粉器放在那里。 而花得到授粉。

这些和其他兰花授粉的例子都很奇妙。 每个物种都是一个伪装的故事,一个欺骗或一个假象。 都是为了最合理的理由:物种的生存。

See_also: 一种植物,一个故事:蓝棕榈

, Andreas Kay 和 Américo Pereira

Charles Cook

Charles Cook is a passionate horticulturist, blogger, and avid plant lover, dedicated to sharing his knowledge and love for gardens, plants, and decoration. With over two decades of experience in the field, Charles has honed his expertise and turned his passion into a career.Growing up on a farm, surrounded by lush greenery, Charles developed a deep appreciation for nature's beauty from an early age. He would spend hours exploring the vast fields and tending to various plants, nurturing a love for gardening that would follow him throughout his life.After graduating with a degree in horticulture from a prestigious university, Charles embarked on his professional journey, working in various botanical gardens and nurseries. This invaluable hands-on experience allowed him to gain a deep understanding of different plant species, their unique requirements, and the art of landscape design.Recognizing the power of online platforms, Charles decided to start his blog, offering a virtual space for fellow garden enthusiasts to gather, learn, and find inspiration. His engaging and informative blog, filled with captivating videos, helpful tips, and the latest news, has garnered a loyal following from gardeners of all levels.Charles believes that a garden is not just a collection of plants, but a living, breathing sanctuary that can bring joy, tranquility, and connection to nature. Heendeavors to unravel the secrets of successful gardening, providing practical advice on plant care, design principles, and innovative decoration ideas.Beyond his blog, Charles frequently collaborates with gardening professionals, participates in workshops and conferences, and even contributes articles to prominent gardening publications. His passion for gardens and plants knows no bounds, and he tirelessly seeks to expand his knowledge, always striving to bring fresh and exciting content to his readers.Through his blog, Charles aims to inspire and encourage others to unlock their own green thumbs, believing that anyone can create a beautiful, thriving garden with the right guidance and a sprinkle of creativity. His warm and genuine writing style, coupled with his wealth of expertise, ensures that readers will be enthralled and empowered to embark on their own garden adventures.When Charles isn't busy tending to his own garden or sharing his expertise online, he enjoys exploring botanical gardens around the world, capturing the beauty of flora through his camera lens. With a deep-rooted commitment to nature conservation, he actively advocates for sustainable gardening practices, cultivating an appreciation for the fragile ecosystem we inhabit.Charles Cook, a true plant aficionado, invites you to join him on a journey of discovery, as he opens the doors to the captivatingworld of gardens, plants, and decoration through his captivating blog and enchanting videos.