角豆树

 角豆树

Charles Cook

角豆树的种植可以追溯到古代美索不达米亚(伊拉克),是腓尼基人将这种作物引入伊比利亚半岛。

俗称:角豆(源自阿拉伯语al Harruban)、角豆、garroferous、fava豆、Pythagorean无花果、埃及无花果。

学名:Ceratonia síliqua L。

原产地:地中海周边地区的小亚细亚(土耳其、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚)或希腊、巴勒斯坦、黎巴嫩和阿尔及利亚。

科:豆科。

See_also: 植物A到Z: Calluna vulgaris (Urzeroxa)

史实/趣闻:该作物由希腊人(公元前十)、迦太基人(公元前四和三)、罗马人(公元前一)、拜占庭人(公元六)和阿拉伯人(公元七至十一)传播。 在古埃及,种子被用来制作木乃伊,在古墓中发现豆荚。 它很适应葡萄牙和西班牙的地中海气候。 种子被用来作为称量珠宝的单位。(钻石、黄金和宝石),它们被称为 "角豆"(Kuara),这是非洲人对种子的称呼。 五颗种子重达一克黄金。 它是地中海地区最贫穷人口的食物。 葡萄牙是角豆的主要生产国之一,目前它占第五位(2016年它占第二位,粮农组织数据),排在西班牙、意大利、塞浦路斯和希腊之后。

说明:常绿树种(每15-18个月更新一次),椭圆形冠状,树冠宽大。 它生长缓慢,高度可达10-20米。 木材非常耐寒。 根系广泛(20米),具有穿透力,可到达最深层寻找水和营养。

传粉/授粉:有些树木有雌花;有些树木有雄花;有些树木既有雌花又有雄花;还有一些树木在同一植株上既有雄花又有雌花。 花在夏季和初秋出现(9-10月盛开),取决于2年生枝条上的品种。授粉是嗜虫性的,但风可以帮助。

生物周期:第10年才开始生产,15-40年达到完全生产,可活100年。

最广泛种植的品种有:"Negral"、"Rojal"、"Banya de Cabra"、"Bugadera"、"Matalafera"、"Melera"、"Duraió"、"Delamel"、"Ramillete"、"Bonifácio"。 在葡萄牙,最著名的品种是 "Galhosa"、"Canela"、"Costela de vaca"、"Alfarroba de burro"、"Mulata"、"Bonita"、"Buoje"、"Altea"、"Melar "和 "Magosta"。 公有品种是 "Malos amarelos "和 "Malos红军"。

可食用部分:果实长10-30厘米,宽2-4厘米,重25-40克。深棕色,类似于黑巧克力,其革质的表皮环绕着肉质的、蜂蜜色的、含糖的果肉,它环绕着种子(4-8)。

环境条件

气候类型:温带地中海气候。 在葡萄牙,它最适合于里斯本和南部地区。

土壤:它能适应各种类型的土壤,即使这些土壤的养分很差而且很浅,然而,它更喜欢带有沙质壤土或粘土的石灰石,排水良好且干燥。 它喜欢pH值在6-8之间的土壤。

温度:

最佳状态:20-25 ºC。

最小:10 ºC。

最大:45 ºC。

开发停止:5 ºC。它需要6000小时的加热。

阳光照射:全日照(非常耐寒)。

海拔:600米以下。

年降水量(需水量):200-400毫米/年。

大气湿度:应该是低的。

受精

施肥:使用充分分解的家禽和绵羊/山羊粪便。

组合:豆科植物(大田豆、苜蓿)和秋冬谷物(黑麦草)。

营养要求:3:1:2或3:1:2

栽培技术

土壤准备:不需要特别照顾,但为了生产更多的产品,应该向后撕开(40厘米)并施肥。

繁殖:通过微型嫁接、嫁接(盾牌或平板)或种子(在水中浸泡24小时)--后者更常用于砧木。 高度达到50厘米后,用土块进行移植。

种植日期:春天。

See_also: 食谱:炒芥菜叶

罗盘:9×12或10×15米

分蘖:修剪(秋季)垂直生长并接触地面的枯枝、旺枝;4-5月,当植物4-7岁时进行嫁接。

浇水:很少,只在种植初期和长期缺乏降水的时候浇水。

昆虫学和植物病理学

虫害:海盗(Myelois ceratoniae)和cecidomycetes(Eumorchalia gennadi),钢丝虫(Zeuzera pyrina),蝗虫(Ectomyeolis ceratoniae)和粉蚧。

病害:白粉病(Oidium ceratoniae)。

事故/伤害:氯中毒

收获和使用

采摘时间:夏季和初秋(8-9月),当果实变成黑褐色并开始自然脱落时(开花后10-12个月)。

全产量:14-35吨/年,每棵树可生产70-300公斤,在40年以上的树上。

储存条件:收获后,将角豆放在太阳下晒一周,如果不直接运往工厂,就放在干燥、通风的环境中。

最佳季节:新鲜时,在夏末的时候

营养价值:富含天然糖、纤维、蛋白质、矿物质(铁、钾、钠)、单宁酸。 维生素A、D、B1、B2和B3。

用途:过去,它被当作水果食用(治疗),但阿拉伯人开始以酒精饮料、糕点和糖果的形式使用它。 最近,它的面粉在葡萄牙被用于制作馅饼、传统蛋糕和面包。 它经常被用作可可的替代品。 在工业上,它被用作增稠剂(E-410),用于制作冰淇淋、冰糕和调味汁、它还被用于牛的饲料中,使肉质有令人愉快的味道,并用于奶牛,以增加牛奶的分泌。 木材可用于木工。

Charles Cook

Charles Cook is a passionate horticulturist, blogger, and avid plant lover, dedicated to sharing his knowledge and love for gardens, plants, and decoration. With over two decades of experience in the field, Charles has honed his expertise and turned his passion into a career.Growing up on a farm, surrounded by lush greenery, Charles developed a deep appreciation for nature's beauty from an early age. He would spend hours exploring the vast fields and tending to various plants, nurturing a love for gardening that would follow him throughout his life.After graduating with a degree in horticulture from a prestigious university, Charles embarked on his professional journey, working in various botanical gardens and nurseries. This invaluable hands-on experience allowed him to gain a deep understanding of different plant species, their unique requirements, and the art of landscape design.Recognizing the power of online platforms, Charles decided to start his blog, offering a virtual space for fellow garden enthusiasts to gather, learn, and find inspiration. His engaging and informative blog, filled with captivating videos, helpful tips, and the latest news, has garnered a loyal following from gardeners of all levels.Charles believes that a garden is not just a collection of plants, but a living, breathing sanctuary that can bring joy, tranquility, and connection to nature. Heendeavors to unravel the secrets of successful gardening, providing practical advice on plant care, design principles, and innovative decoration ideas.Beyond his blog, Charles frequently collaborates with gardening professionals, participates in workshops and conferences, and even contributes articles to prominent gardening publications. His passion for gardens and plants knows no bounds, and he tirelessly seeks to expand his knowledge, always striving to bring fresh and exciting content to his readers.Through his blog, Charles aims to inspire and encourage others to unlock their own green thumbs, believing that anyone can create a beautiful, thriving garden with the right guidance and a sprinkle of creativity. His warm and genuine writing style, coupled with his wealth of expertise, ensures that readers will be enthralled and empowered to embark on their own garden adventures.When Charles isn't busy tending to his own garden or sharing his expertise online, he enjoys exploring botanical gardens around the world, capturing the beauty of flora through his camera lens. With a deep-rooted commitment to nature conservation, he actively advocates for sustainable gardening practices, cultivating an appreciation for the fragile ecosystem we inhabit.Charles Cook, a true plant aficionado, invites you to join him on a journey of discovery, as he opens the doors to the captivatingworld of gardens, plants, and decoration through his captivating blog and enchanting videos.